Các công trình đã thực hiện, Chưa được phân loại, Style, TIN TỨC, Uncategorized
XỬ LÝ NƯỚC Ô NHIỄM PHÈN, SẮT
Nước giếng khoan, nước ngầm thường có đặc điểm nhiễm kim loại nặng, nước bơm lên có vị tanh, để lâu ngoài không khí nước chuyển sang màu đỏ gạch, có lớp cặn nắng đọng. Nước nhiễm phèn sắt có tác động rất xấu đến các thiết bị chứa nước.
Phèn sắt là một muối kép của sắt (III) sunfat với muối sunfat của kim loại kiềm hay amoni, Ví dụ: Kali sắt sunfat [K2SO4.Fe2(SO4)3.24H2O hay KFe(SO4)2.12H2O]. Ở dạng tinh khiết, Phèn sắt là tinh thể không màu, nhưng thường có màu tím vì có vết mangan; tan trong nước. Phèn sắt được điều chế bằng cách kết tinh hỗn hợp sắt (III) sunfat với muối sunfat của các kim loại kiềm hoặc amoni. Phèn sắt thường được dùng làm thuốc thử trong các phòng thí nghiệm.
Đặc điểm của nước bị nhiễm phèn sắt:
♦ Nước nếm có vị chua chua.
♦ Nước giặt quần áo bị ố vàng.
♦ Nước bị nhiễm phèn nặng, ngửi thấy mùi tanh tanh…
♦ Khoan giếng chưa đúng cách.
Hệ thống cột composite chứa các hạt chuyên dụng dùng để
xử lý nước ô nhiễm phèn sắt, xử lý nước giếng khoan
Một số cách xử lý nước nhiễm phèn sắt:
– Dùng tro bếp: Phương pháp xử lý nước giếng khoan này đơn giản, nguyên vật liệu dễ tìm, có thể tận dụng tro bếp là rác thải sinh hoạt, thân thiện với môi trường. Cách làm này có thể áp dụng quy mô hộ gia đình, nhất là những vùng người dân đang phải sử dụng nước giếng khoan.
Sau đó, tro bếp được cho vào mẫu nước với liều lượng từ 5 đến 10g/l rồi để lắng trong vòng 15 phút. Các phản ứng hóa học xảy ra và hợp chất sắt không tan sẽ bị loại bỏ qua quá trình lọc.
– Dùng hệ thống bể nước: Bể được xây bằng gạch và xi măng, với 3 ngăn – lắng, lọc và chứa, mỗi ngăn 0,35 – 0,49 m3, trong đó ngăn lắng có thể tích lớn nhất, ngăn lọc nhỏ nhất.
Ngăn lắng được lắp đặt giàn phun mưa gồm một số đoạn ống có đục lỗ hoặc vòi hoa sen bằng nhựa có trên thị trường. Ngăn lọc có lớp sỏi đỡ (cỡ 5 – 10 cm) dày 10 cm, trên đó là lớp cát lọc (0,4 – 0,85 mm) dày 40 cm; và trên cùng là lớp cát mịn (0,15 – 0,3 mm) dày 20 cm. (Có thể đổ thêm một lớp than trên lớp sỏi, để khử mùi của nước). Ngăn này có lắp ống nhựa từ đáy lên, sao cho đầu ra nằm cao hơn lớp cát trên cùng một chút, để khi nước chảy qua ngăn thành phẩm đến cạn kiệt, không làm phơi mặt cát. Ngăn thành phẩm có nắp đậy.
Khi bơm từ giếng lên, nước chảy qua vòi sen, xuống bể lắng. Nhờ tiếp xúc với không khí, thành phần sắt trong nước bị oxy hóa. Nước được lắng cặn một phần, đến ngăn lọc, nước được lọc sạch cặn lơ lửng, trở nên trong, theo ống dẫn đến ngăn chứa nước thành phẩm.
Hệ thống này lọc được 4 – 5 m3 nước/ngày. Chi phí xây dựng cả hệ thống khoảng 3 triệu đồng. Nếu làm theo kiểu tiết kiệm thì chi phí thấp hơn.
– Khử sắt bằng vôi: Khi cho vôi vào nước, độ pH của nước tăng lên. Ở điều kiện giàu ion OH-, các ion Fe2+ thuỷ phân nhanh chóng thành Fe(OH)2 và lắng xuống một phần, thế ôxy hoá khử tiêu chuẩn của hệ Fe(OH)2/Fe(OH)3 giảm xuống, do đó sắt(II) dễ dàng chuyển hoá thành sắt (III). Sắt (III) hyđroxyt kết tụ thành bông cặn, lắng trong bể lắng và có thể dễ dàng tách ra khỏi nước.
Phương pháp này có thể áp dụng cho các nhà máy nước với cả nước bề mặt và nước ngầm. Nhược điểm của phương pháp này là phải dùng đến các thiết bị pha chế cồng kềnh, quản lý phức tạp.
Khử sắt bằng phương pháp làm thoáng: Thực chất của phương pháp khử sắt bằng làm thoáng là làm giàu oxy cho nước, tạo điều kiện để Fe2+ oxy hóa thành Fe3+ thực hiện quá trình thủy phân để tạo thành hợp chất ít tan Fe(OH)3 rồi dùng bể lọc để giữ lại.
Các phương pháp khử sắt bằng phương pháp hóa chất:
1. Khử sắt bằng các chất oxy hóa mạnh
Các chất oxy hóa mạnh thường sử dụng để khử sắt là: Cl2, KMnO4, O3…Phản ứng diễn ra như sau
2Fe2+ + Cl2 + 6H2O → 2Fe(OH)3 ↓ + 2Cl- + 6H+
3Fe2+ + KMnO4 + 7H2O → 3Fe(OH)3 ↓ + MnO2 + K+ + 5H+
Trong phản ứng, để oxy hóa 1 mg Fe2+ cần 0.64mg Cl2 hoặc 0.94mg KMnO4 và đồng thời độ kiềm của nước giảm đi 0.018meq/l
2. Khử sắt bằng vôi
Phương pháp khử sắt bằng vôi thường không đứng đôc lập, mà kết hợp với các quá trình làm ổn định nước hoặc làm mềm nước. Phản ứng xảy ra theo 2 trường hợp
♦ Có oxy hòa tan
4Fe(HCO3)2 + O2 + 2H2O + 4Ca(OH)2 → 4Fe(OH)3 ↓ + 4Ca(HCO3)2
Sắt (III)hydroxyt được tạo thành, dễ dàng lắng lại trong bể lắng và giữ lại hoàn toàn trong bể lọc.
♦ Không có oxy hòa tan
Fe(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 → Fe CO3 + CaCO3 + 2H2O
Sắt được khử đi dưới dạng FeCO3 chứ không phải hydroxyt sắt.
Pingback: Bỏ túi cách vệ sinh đường ống nước tại nhà hiệu quả
I want to show thanks to you just for rescuing me from this type of trouble. Just after researching throughout the online world and seeing techniques which are not powerful, I thought my life was well over. Existing without the presence of solutions to the problems you’ve solved by means of your good blog post is a critical case, and the ones which could have in a negative way damaged my career if I had not encountered the website. Your good expertise and kindness in controlling the whole lot was very useful. I’m not sure what I would have done if I hadn’t come upon such a subject like this. It’s possible to at this moment relish my future. Thanks for your time very much for this high quality and results-oriented help. I won’t think twice to suggest your web page to any person who needs and wants care on this issue.
My spouse and i felt quite cheerful when Albert managed to deal with his homework by way of the precious recommendations he received through your web pages. It is now and again perplexing just to happen to be giving out guidance that many people today could have been selling. We know we need you to appreciate because of that. The specific explanations you have made, the simple website navigation, the friendships your site assist to create – it’s most extraordinary, and it is assisting our son and us feel that the theme is amusing, which is certainly tremendously fundamental. Many thanks for all the pieces!
My spouse and i ended up being now fortunate that Louis could round up his homework through your ideas he got from your own weblog. It is now and again perplexing to just possibly be making a gift of instructions which often some others have been making money from. And we consider we’ve got the blog owner to be grateful to for that. Those illustrations you made, the easy blog navigation, the friendships you can aid to engender – it’s everything exceptional, and it’s making our son in addition to our family believe that that article is enjoyable, which is certainly rather indispensable. Thanks for the whole thing!
My spouse and i got so glad Jordan managed to complete his preliminary research using the precious recommendations he obtained from your own weblog. It’s not at all simplistic to just always be releasing secrets which people today may have been selling. And we do understand we’ve got the blog owner to appreciate for this. All of the illustrations you made, the easy web site menu, the friendships your site make it easier to foster – it is many terrific, and it’s really making our son and us consider that this article is fun, which is certainly seriously pressing. Thanks for all!
I am only writing to make you know what a magnificent encounter our daughter encountered viewing your webblog. She noticed several things, with the inclusion of how it is like to have a wonderful coaching spirit to have most people with ease thoroughly grasp a number of multifaceted matters. You actually exceeded visitors’ desires. Thanks for giving the essential, dependable, informative and also cool thoughts on your topic to Mary.
I simply wanted to construct a simple comment to be able to thank you for these magnificent tips and tricks you are placing at this website. My prolonged internet look up has at the end been paid with beneficial content to go over with my co-workers. I would assume that many of us website visitors actually are truly lucky to dwell in a fine place with so many awesome people with good methods. I feel rather grateful to have used your web page and look forward to some more amazing times reading here. Thank you once more for a lot of things.
I as well as my buddies happened to be digesting the great points located on your site then suddenly got a terrible suspicion I had not expressed respect to the blog owner for those strategies. Those young boys came for that reason stimulated to read through all of them and have in effect truly been enjoying those things. Many thanks for indeed being very helpful and also for deciding on some essential information millions of individuals are really needing to be informed on. Our honest regret for not expressing gratitude to you earlier.
I wanted to construct a brief note so as to say thanks to you for all the great steps you are giving out here. My particularly long internet look up has at the end of the day been recognized with brilliant facts and techniques to talk about with my colleagues. I ‘d suppose that we website visitors actually are rather endowed to be in a fabulous community with many wonderful professionals with very beneficial secrets. I feel quite fortunate to have seen your site and look forward to some more awesome moments reading here. Thanks a lot once again for a lot of things.
Thank you a lot for giving everyone an extraordinarily wonderful chance to read from this blog. It can be so pleasurable and as well , jam-packed with a lot of fun for me personally and my office mates to search your web site really thrice per week to learn the new items you will have. And indeed, we are certainly satisfied for the unbelievable things you serve. Some 2 ideas in this posting are truly the most impressive I have ever had.
I as well as my friends have already been following the excellent thoughts found on your web page then quickly I got a horrible feeling I had not thanked you for those strategies. These men appeared to be consequently excited to read them and already have in truth been taking advantage of these things. Appreciation for indeed being considerably thoughtful and also for pick out certain ideal issues millions of individuals are really desperate to be aware of. My sincere regret for not saying thanks to earlier.
My wife and i got now glad that Albert could finish off his reports from your ideas he obtained out of the site. It’s not at all simplistic just to be giving freely tips that most people might have been selling. Therefore we remember we have got the writer to be grateful to for this. The most important illustrations you’ve made, the straightforward website menu, the friendships you can assist to engender – it is all astounding, and it’s assisting our son in addition to us recognize that this idea is cool, and that’s pretty fundamental. Thank you for the whole lot!
I truly wanted to develop a quick message so as to thank you for these amazing advice you are placing on this site. My prolonged internet look up has now been paid with useful facts and techniques to share with my neighbours. I ‘d say that we visitors actually are undoubtedly fortunate to be in a really good network with so many special people with very helpful concepts. I feel quite fortunate to have encountered your site and look forward to tons of more fabulous moments reading here. Thank you once again for all the details.
A lot of thanks for all of your work on this site. My daughter really likes carrying out research and it’s really easy to understand why. Most of us hear all about the powerful way you provide worthwhile things by means of your web site and therefore recommend contribution from other individuals on this article while our favorite princess is starting to learn a lot of things. Take advantage of the remaining portion of the year. You’re doing a remarkable job.
I have to express my appreciation to this writer just for rescuing me from this particular issue. Right after searching throughout the world wide web and coming across suggestions that were not productive, I figured my entire life was over. Existing without the presence of answers to the difficulties you have sorted out through this article content is a critical case, as well as ones which may have in a negative way damaged my career if I had not come across your blog post. The ability and kindness in controlling all the pieces was very helpful. I’m not sure what I would’ve done if I hadn’t come across such a thing like this. It’s possible to now look forward to my future. Thanks a lot so much for your skilled and amazing guide. I won’t think twice to endorse your web sites to anybody who ought to have guidelines about this topic.
I in addition to my guys have already been analyzing the excellent guides on your website and then all of a sudden got a horrible feeling I never expressed respect to the website owner for those techniques. These boys appeared to be consequently very interested to learn all of them and already have in truth been taking pleasure in these things. Many thanks for truly being indeed accommodating and also for making a choice on this sort of fine guides millions of individuals are really desperate to be aware of. Our sincere regret for not expressing appreciation to you sooner.
I precisely needed to thank you very much once more. I do not know the things I might have taken care of without the tricks provided by you relating to such a area of interest. It had been the scary difficulty in my position, nevertheless noticing the professional way you processed it made me to leap for happiness. Now i’m grateful for the help and as well , trust you are aware of an amazing job you are always putting in teaching the rest by way of your website. I am sure you have never met all of us.
I want to express my thanks to this writer just for bailing me out of such a difficulty. Just after surfing throughout the the web and seeing views which are not beneficial, I assumed my life was well over. Existing minus the solutions to the difficulties you have sorted out by way of your site is a serious case, and the ones that might have negatively affected my entire career if I hadn’t come across your site. That capability and kindness in taking care of a lot of stuff was very helpful. I don’t know what I would have done if I hadn’t discovered such a solution like this. I’m able to at this time relish my future. Thanks so much for the impressive and results-oriented guide. I will not hesitate to refer the sites to anyone who should have guidelines on this subject.
My spouse and i ended up being really happy that Michael could round up his homework with the ideas he obtained through your web pages. It is now and again perplexing to just happen to be offering secrets and techniques which usually some people may have been making money from. We already know we’ve got the writer to be grateful to for that. The type of illustrations you have made, the easy blog navigation, the relationships you will help create – it’s all impressive, and it is helping our son in addition to us reckon that that topic is brilliant, which is particularly important. Many thanks for all the pieces!
I wanted to jot down a simple message so as to thank you for some of the fantastic recommendations you are showing here. My long internet lookup has finally been recognized with good quality suggestions to go over with my family and friends. I would point out that most of us readers actually are really fortunate to live in a great network with very many brilliant individuals with valuable tips. I feel rather lucky to have discovered the web pages and look forward to plenty of more fabulous minutes reading here. Thanks once again for everything.
I am only writing to let you know of the brilliant experience my wife’s princess developed visiting yuor web blog. She discovered such a lot of details, which included what it’s like to have a marvelous giving heart to have a number of people effortlessly learn about several complex things. You actually did more than our expectations. Thanks for coming up with the good, healthy, revealing as well as unique tips on this topic to Emily.
I wanted to compose you this tiny observation in order to give many thanks again with the great opinions you’ve contributed above. It is certainly wonderfully generous with people like you to offer without restraint what exactly most people could possibly have distributed as an e-book to make some dough for their own end, specifically since you might well have done it if you decided. These smart ideas likewise served like the great way to be aware that other people online have a similar interest like mine to see a lot more on the topic of this condition. I believe there are some more pleasurable instances up front for folks who look over your blog post.
I have to show my appreciation to you for bailing me out of such a crisis. Just after looking out throughout the the net and meeting recommendations which were not pleasant, I assumed my life was gone. Living without the presence of approaches to the issues you’ve resolved all through your main report is a crucial case, as well as the ones that might have negatively affected my entire career if I had not come across your blog. That capability and kindness in handling all things was very helpful. I am not sure what I would’ve done if I had not come upon such a subject like this. I’m able to at this point look ahead to my future. Thanks so much for this professional and results-oriented help. I won’t be reluctant to recommend the blog to anybody who ought to have recommendations about this situation.
A lot of thanks for every one of your efforts on this web site. Betty really likes doing research and it is obvious why. Most people know all relating to the lively mode you deliver efficient tactics via the web blog and therefore encourage response from people on this situation so our simple princess has been learning a whole lot. Have fun with the rest of the year. You are always conducting a terrific job.
I simply wanted to thank you very much again. I’m not certain the things that I could possibly have made to happen in the absence of the actual methods documented by you about my question. It truly was a real fearsome problem in my opinion, however , spending time with your specialized mode you resolved it took me to leap with contentment. Now i’m happy for the guidance as well as hope that you recognize what a powerful job you happen to be undertaking training the mediocre ones thru your blog post. Most likely you’ve never come across all of us.
My wife and i have been absolutely peaceful Chris could complete his studies through the precious recommendations he gained in your web page. It is now and again perplexing to just happen to be giving away hints which usually the rest may have been selling. So we consider we have got the writer to be grateful to for that. The explanations you made, the straightforward site navigation, the relationships your site make it easier to promote – it’s got many overwhelming, and it is facilitating our son in addition to the family know that that concept is enjoyable, which is wonderfully mandatory. Thank you for the whole lot!
I am just writing to make you know what a helpful discovery our daughter gained going through your web site. She noticed several things, including how it is like to possess a great coaching style to make most people without difficulty know just exactly specific multifaceted subject matter. You truly exceeded our own desires. Many thanks for showing those insightful, trusted, edifying and as well as cool tips about the topic to Lizeth.
Thank you so much for giving everyone a very remarkable opportunity to read in detail from this web site. It can be so enjoyable plus full of a lot of fun for me and my office fellow workers to visit your website nearly 3 times in 7 days to read the new stuff you have got. And lastly, I’m also certainly fascinated with your extraordinary guidelines you give. Certain 4 ideas in this posting are undoubtedly the most beneficial we’ve had.
I simply wanted to compose a small word so as to say thanks to you for some of the remarkable facts you are giving on this website. My long internet investigation has now been recognized with useful facts and strategies to write about with my friends. I would point out that most of us site visitors actually are undeniably lucky to dwell in a very good website with so many brilliant professionals with interesting methods. I feel rather grateful to have come across your entire site and look forward to some more enjoyable times reading here. Thanks a lot again for a lot of things.
I enjoy you because of all of the labor on this web page. Ellie really likes conducting research and it’s easy to see why. All of us notice all relating to the compelling method you create reliable information on your blog and therefore attract response from website visitors about this theme plus our own princess is without a doubt starting to learn a whole lot. Take advantage of the remaining portion of the new year. You are doing a terrific job.
Your article helped me a lot, thanks for the information. I also like your blog theme, can you tell me how you did it?