Nước giếng khoan, nước ngầm thường có đặc điểm nhiễm kim loại nặng, nước bơm lên có vị tanh, để lâu ngoài không khí nước chuyển sang màu đỏ gạch, có lớp cặn nắng đọng. Nước nhiễm phèn sắt có tác động rất xấu đến các thiết bị chứa nước.
Phèn sắt là một muối kép của sắt (III) sunfat với muối sunfat của kim loại kiềm hay amoni, Ví dụ: Kali sắt sunfat [K2SO4.Fe2(SO4)3.24H2O hay KFe(SO4)2.12H2O]. Ở dạng tinh khiết, Phèn sắt là tinh thể không màu, nhưng thường có màu tím vì có vết mangan; tan trong nước. Phèn sắt được điều chế bằng cách kết tinh hỗn hợp sắt (III) sunfat với muối sunfat của các kim loại kiềm hoặc amoni. Phèn sắt thường được dùng làm thuốc thử trong các phòng thí nghiệm.
Đặc điểm của nước bị nhiễm phèn sắt:
♦ Nước nếm có vị chua chua.
♦ Nước giặt quần áo bị ố vàng.
♦ Nước bị nhiễm phèn nặng, ngửi thấy mùi tanh tanh…
♦ Khoan giếng chưa đúng cách.
Hệ thống cột composite chứa các hạt chuyên dụng dùng để
xử lý nước ô nhiễm phèn sắt, xử lý nước giếng khoan
Một số cách xử lý nước nhiễm phèn sắt:
– Dùng tro bếp: Phương pháp xử lý nước giếng khoan này đơn giản, nguyên vật liệu dễ tìm, có thể tận dụng tro bếp là rác thải sinh hoạt, thân thiện với môi trường. Cách làm này có thể áp dụng quy mô hộ gia đình, nhất là những vùng người dân đang phải sử dụng nước giếng khoan.
Sau đó, tro bếp được cho vào mẫu nước với liều lượng từ 5 đến 10g/l rồi để lắng trong vòng 15 phút. Các phản ứng hóa học xảy ra và hợp chất sắt không tan sẽ bị loại bỏ qua quá trình lọc.
– Dùng hệ thống bể nước: Bể được xây bằng gạch và xi măng, với 3 ngăn – lắng, lọc và chứa, mỗi ngăn 0,35 – 0,49 m3, trong đó ngăn lắng có thể tích lớn nhất, ngăn lọc nhỏ nhất.
Ngăn lắng được lắp đặt giàn phun mưa gồm một số đoạn ống có đục lỗ hoặc vòi hoa sen bằng nhựa có trên thị trường. Ngăn lọc có lớp sỏi đỡ (cỡ 5 – 10 cm) dày 10 cm, trên đó là lớp cát lọc (0,4 – 0,85 mm) dày 40 cm; và trên cùng là lớp cát mịn (0,15 – 0,3 mm) dày 20 cm. (Có thể đổ thêm một lớp than trên lớp sỏi, để khử mùi của nước). Ngăn này có lắp ống nhựa từ đáy lên, sao cho đầu ra nằm cao hơn lớp cát trên cùng một chút, để khi nước chảy qua ngăn thành phẩm đến cạn kiệt, không làm phơi mặt cát. Ngăn thành phẩm có nắp đậy.
Khi bơm từ giếng lên, nước chảy qua vòi sen, xuống bể lắng. Nhờ tiếp xúc với không khí, thành phần sắt trong nước bị oxy hóa. Nước được lắng cặn một phần, đến ngăn lọc, nước được lọc sạch cặn lơ lửng, trở nên trong, theo ống dẫn đến ngăn chứa nước thành phẩm.
Hệ thống này lọc được 4 – 5 m3 nước/ngày. Chi phí xây dựng cả hệ thống khoảng 3 triệu đồng. Nếu làm theo kiểu tiết kiệm thì chi phí thấp hơn.
– Khử sắt bằng vôi: Khi cho vôi vào nước, độ pH của nước tăng lên. Ở điều kiện giàu ion OH-, các ion Fe2+ thuỷ phân nhanh chóng thành Fe(OH)2 và lắng xuống một phần, thế ôxy hoá khử tiêu chuẩn của hệ Fe(OH)2/Fe(OH)3 giảm xuống, do đó sắt(II) dễ dàng chuyển hoá thành sắt (III). Sắt (III) hyđroxyt kết tụ thành bông cặn, lắng trong bể lắng và có thể dễ dàng tách ra khỏi nước.
Phương pháp này có thể áp dụng cho các nhà máy nước với cả nước bề mặt và nước ngầm. Nhược điểm của phương pháp này là phải dùng đến các thiết bị pha chế cồng kềnh, quản lý phức tạp.
Khử sắt bằng phương pháp làm thoáng: Thực chất của phương pháp khử sắt bằng làm thoáng là làm giàu oxy cho nước, tạo điều kiện để Fe2+ oxy hóa thành Fe3+ thực hiện quá trình thủy phân để tạo thành hợp chất ít tan Fe(OH)3 rồi dùng bể lọc để giữ lại.
Các phương pháp khử sắt bằng phương pháp hóa chất:
1. Khử sắt bằng các chất oxy hóa mạnh
Các chất oxy hóa mạnh thường sử dụng để khử sắt là: Cl2, KMnO4, O3…Phản ứng diễn ra như sau
2Fe2+ + Cl2 + 6H2O → 2Fe(OH)3 ↓ + 2Cl- + 6H+
3Fe2+ + KMnO4 + 7H2O → 3Fe(OH)3 ↓ + MnO2 + K+ + 5H+
Trong phản ứng, để oxy hóa 1 mg Fe2+ cần 0.64mg Cl2 hoặc 0.94mg KMnO4 và đồng thời độ kiềm của nước giảm đi 0.018meq/l
2. Khử sắt bằng vôi
Phương pháp khử sắt bằng vôi thường không đứng đôc lập, mà kết hợp với các quá trình làm ổn định nước hoặc làm mềm nước. Phản ứng xảy ra theo 2 trường hợp
♦ Có oxy hòa tan
4Fe(HCO3)2 + O2 + 2H2O + 4Ca(OH)2 → 4Fe(OH)3 ↓ + 4Ca(HCO3)2
Sắt (III)hydroxyt được tạo thành, dễ dàng lắng lại trong bể lắng và giữ lại hoàn toàn trong bể lọc.
♦ Không có oxy hòa tan
Fe(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 → Fe CO3 + CaCO3 + 2H2O
Sắt được khử đi dưới dạng FeCO3 chứ không phải hydroxyt sắt.
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